martes, 15 de febrero de 2011

Unidad IV: PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PÁRRAFO (b)


A HISTORY OF SYRINGES 
     The Collins English Dictionary defines a syringe as “an instrument such as a hypodermic syringe, or a rubber ball with a slender nozzle for use in drawing or injecting fluids, cleansing wounds, etc.” The Oxford English Dictionary has two listings and cites the first English literature reference in 1425 AD. It refers to John of Ardene’s treatment of fistulas. Later Copeland (1541) quotes Galen and refers to a brass syringe.
          In Roman times, nasal syringes were fairly common and had an outer metal case with a tow or flax plunger. In the 17th century English syringes were made from pewter or silver. The barrel and head were up to 20 cm long, suggesting rectal or vaginal use.
          John Moyle (1693) used wine in an ear syringe and Dominique Anel developed a suction syringe used for infected wounds. Larger syringes were used for irrigation. Almost all structures, including the lachrymal duct, were cannulated. In the mid 19th century a small syringe was developed. It had a screw arrangement, which permitted the release of a single drop. The first syringe patents by John and Frederick Weiss were taken out in 1824 and 1851 respectively. A stomach pump was patented by John Read (1760–1847). Read’s enema syringe was made of brass and had ivory attachments.
          19th.century novels suggest that the enema was taking a place in the lives of the healthy as well as the ill. There was an ingenious and wide variety of apparatus. Maw’s catalogue of 1868 offered 39 varieties of equipment for colonic irrigation, made of every material, and
some were extensively decorated. The smaller ones were made of brass, pewter, or glass, with a rubber or twine bound plunger. A silk covered rubber tube was supplied with an ivory plug for rectal irrigation or a rubber covered brass tube for the vagina. Larger varieties had an independent reservoir and worked as a brass pump. One introduced in 1830 was sold as
“Maw’s Domestic Medical Machine”.

Extraído del sito web de la Universidad de Adelaide, en Australia
véase: http://health.adelaide.edu.au/surgery/society/A%20history%20of%20syringes.pdf



Tipo de texto: narrativo y de definición

Marcadores de texto narrativo: se señalan en el texto a través de letras negrillas 

Marcadores en textos de definición:
  • The Collins English Dictionary defines a syringe as “an instrument such as a hypodermic syringe, or a rubber ball with a slender nozzle for use in drawing or injecting fluids, cleansing wounds, etc.”

          Resumen
          El Collins English Dictionary define como jeringa a un instrumento que sirve para limpiar heridas, inyectar fluidos, etc. En los tiempos romanos las jeringas nasales eran bastante frecuentes, estaban hechas de exteriores de metal con un chupón de lino. En el siglo 17, las jeringas inglesas eran hechas de peltre o plata. En 1693 se desarrolló la primera jeringa de succión para tratar heridas infectadas. En el siglo 19, una jeringa más pequeña fue desarrollada, permitiendo así la liberación de una sóla gota. Las primeras patentes de jeringas fueron hechas por John y Frederick Weiss en 1824 y 1851 respectivamente. Luego John Read desarrolló una jeringa para enemas que estaba hecha de metal y partes de marfil. En 1868, el catálago de Maw ya ofrecía una variedad de 39 equipos especializados para la irrigación de colon. Ya en 1830 ya se vendía el "Maw’s Domestic Medical Machine" (la máquina médica doméstica de Maw).




domingo, 13 de febrero de 2011

Unidad IV: PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PÁRRAFO (a)

Health         
 Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects. It is also a level of functional and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism, often implicitly human. From Google dictionary: "The state of being free from illness or injury".
          At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1948, health was defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".
Only a handful of publications have focused specifically on the definition of health and its evolution in the first 6 decades. Some of them highlight its lack of operational value and the problem created by use of the word "complete." Others declare the definition, which has not been modified since 1948, "simply a bad one."
In 1986, the WHO, in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, said that health is "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities." Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC), which is composed of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) also define health.
Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, which, together is commonly referred to as the Health Triangle.

fuente Wikipedia, véase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health 


Definiciones a resaltar y sus marcadores:
  • "Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects"
  • "health was defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".
  • "...the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, said that health is "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living."
  • Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, which, together is commonly referred to as the Health Triangle

viernes, 11 de febrero de 2011

Bienvenido a mi Blog!!!!!!

Bendiciones para todos. Le doy gracias a mi Padre Celestial; toda la honra y la gloria es para él; gracias por mi vida. He creado este blog para aprender más de inglés y bajar mis tareas.

Unidad III: APROXIMACIÓN AL TEXTO

Idalberto Chiavenato
Born in 1936 in the state of Sao Paulo, is the author of Brazil in the area of business administration and human resources by making their books used by managers in Brazil, Latin America, Portugal, Spain and the Portuguese African countries speech. Currently, Professor Chiavenato acts as adviser to the Regional Board of Directors of the State of São Paulo (CRA-SP) and President of the Institute of Education Chiavenato. It is a national author best known and respected in the area of Business Administration and Human Resources.
1.- ¿En qué año nació Chiavenato?

         Nació en 1936
2.- ¿De qué área temática es este escritor?

        En el área de administración de empresas y recursos humanos
3.- ¿Cuál es su país de origen?
        Brasil
4.- ¿Qué profesión desempeña en la actualidad?
        En la actualidad, el profesor Chiavenato actúa como asesor en el Consejo Regional de Administración

Unidad II: ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORACIÓN

The History of Nursing


     The History of nursing is a long and interesting one. Nursing has been an important part of every culture, although it may have been called something different. The word "nurse" has been around in the English language since the 14th century, although the meaning and practice have changed.
     Before modern nursing came about, medical help has often provided by religious institutions or the military. This remains a part of nursing in some countries where some nurses may be referred to as "sisters." Nuns and others would care for the sick during epidemics and during times of war. The term nurse was used for women who cared for children, although it gradually came to have a broader meaning.
     Modern nursing really developed during the Crimean War. Florence Nightingale worked to improve the conditions of injured and ill soldiers. She wrote a book about how to improve conditions and treat the soldiers for various injuries and sicknesses. Other nurses also played a role in advancing nursing technologies during this time period as well.
     Nightingale would later start a training school for nurses in England. She also wrote the Nightingale Pledge for nurses to take about the care they would provide sick and wounded patients. The Nightingale Lamp, which is often used in ceremonies, came from the lamp that Nightingale would carry at night in the hospital during the Crimean War.
     In the United States, Clara Barton was an important figure during the American Civil War, organizing nursing services for injured soldiers. She also created the Red Cross organization which helps people during both war and peace. The organization would later help provide nurses for military hospitals during World War I.
     The modernization of nursing was also tied to the rise of the women's movement during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Many of the movement leaders were nurses or had strong concerns for improving the health and wellbeing of women and children.
     New Zealand became the first country to regulate nurses in 1901. North Carolina passed a nursing regulation law to become the first state in the United States with regulations. Since then, other countries have passed regulations on nursing and the industry has exploded.
     Today, nurses are a staple in hospitals, health care centers, and in doctors' offices. Nurses have played a vital role in advancing medical technologies and patient care. The history of nursing has gone from military endeavors to state of the art facilities today.




     Este artículo hace un recuento histórico de la enfermería en el mundo moderno. Señala que la figura de la enfermera existe en todas las culturas aunque su nombre varíe de una a otra. 
     Inicialmente, los servicios de enfermería eran ofrecidos por instituciones religiosas o militares. Ésta tuvo gran auge durante la Guerra de Crimea, escenario en el cual Florence Nightingale trabajó arduamente para mejorar las condiciones de los soldados heridos. Tiempo después, Nightingale inició una escuela de entrenamiento para enfermeras en Inglaterra.
      Por otra parte, Clara Barton también jugó un papel importante como enfermera durante la Guerra Civil en lo Estados Unidos de América.También creó la organización de la Cruz Roja, quien se encarga de ayudar a la gente durante la guerra y también durante la paz. Esta organización envió enfermera a los hospitales militares durante la Primera Guerra Mundial.
     En 1901, Nueva Zelanda se convirtió en el primer país en regular las enfermeras. Luego, North Carolina estableció un ley con regulaciones para las enfermeras; fue el primer estados en los Estados Unidos.
     Hoy las enfermeras son básicas en los hospitales, centros de cuidado de la salud e inclusive en los consultorios médicos y han tenido un rol vital en el avance de tecnologías médicas y cuidados al paciente.


ANÁLISIS DE ORACIONES

1. The History of nursing                is  a long and interesting one
       [núcleo]       [post modificador]                   [núcleo]
                  frase nominal                                                     frase verbal
                 
     tiempo verbal de la oración: presente simple

2. Modern nursing               really developed during the Crimean War
  [pre modificador] [núcleo]                                  [núcleo]
          frase nominal                                                 frase verbal 

      tiempo verbal de la oración: pasado simple


3. Nightingale               would later start a training school for nurses in England 
      [núcleo]                                     [núcleo]
     frase nominal                                                              frase verbal

     tiempo verbal de la oración: condicional


ELEMENTOS REFERENCIALES
  • Pronombres demostrativos
         " This remains a part of nursing..."
         
  • Conectores
         "Nuns and others would care for the sick during epidemics and during times of war"
         "The word "nurse" has been around in the English language since the 14th century,  although the meaning and practice have changed."

  • who, what, when, where
          "The term nurse was used for women who cared for children..."
          "This remains a part of nursing in some countries where some nurses may be referred to as "sisters" "

Unidad I: USO DEL DICCIONARIO

What is dialysis?

     The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. Dialysis is a procedure that is a substitute for [conj] many of the normal duties of the kidneys [sust]. The kidneys are two organs located on either side of the back of the abdominal [cv] cavity. Dialysis can allow individuals to live productive and [conj] useful [adj] [suf] lives, even though their kidneys no longer work adequately [adv]. In the United States, there are over 200,000 people who use dialysis techniques on an ongoing basis.

     Dialysis helps the body by performing the functions of failed kidneys. The [art] kidney has many roles. An essential [adj] job of the kidney is to regulate the body's fluid balance [cv]. It does this by adjusting the amount of urine that is excreted on a [art] daily basis. On [prep] hot days, the body sweats more. Thus, less water needs to be excreted through the kidneys. On cold days, the body sweats less. Thus, urine output needs to be greater in order to maintain the proper balance within the body [sust]. It is the kidney's job to regulate fluid balance by adjusting urine output.

     Another major duty of the kidney is to remove [pref] the waste products that the body produces [verb] throughout the day. As the body functions, the cells use energy. The operation of the cells produces waste products that must be removed from the body. When these waste products are not removed [pref] adequately [adv] [suf], they build [verb] up in he body. An elevation of waste products, as measured in [prep] the blood, is called "azotemia." When waste products accumulate they, cause a sick feeling throughout the body called "uremia."

William C. Shiel JR. "Dialysis", disponible en línea en http://www.medicinenet.com


 Significados
  • allow:[PC]  verbo transitivo permitir;
  • duty: [PC] sustantivo servicio m
  • kidney: [PC] sustantivo (pl -neys) (Anat) riñón m
  • sick: [PC] adjetivo enfermo
  • sweat: [PC] verbo intransitivo sudar, transpirar

Abreviaciones:
  • Anat > anatomía
  • m > masculino
  • [PC] > palabra de contenido
  • [PF] > palabra de función 
  • pl > plural

Ejemplos de categorías lexicales

  • Adjetivos > [adj]
  • Adverbios > [adv]
  • Artículos > [art]
  • Cognados falsos  > [cf]
  • Cognados verdaderos > [cv]
  • Conjunciones > [conj]
  • Prefijos > [pref]
  • Preposiciones > [prep]
  • Sufijos > [suf]
  • Sustantivos > [sust]
  • Verbos > [verb]
  • Palabras de función
  • Palabras de contenido

     Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal definir la diálisis como un proceso que sustituye varias de las funciones que tienen los riñones en el organismo. Para ello, presenta una breve descripción de dichos órganos, sus diferentes funciones y su importancia en el cuerpo humano.